Water regularly during the growing season, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between waterings. Reduce watering in fall and winter, providing only enough to keep the soil from becoming completely dry.

Avoid waterlogging, which can lead to root rot.

Prune in late winter or early spring before new growth begins. Remove dead, damaged, or crossing branches. Pruning can also be done to shape the tree and control its size.

Heavy pruning can encourage vigorous, thorny growth.

Propagate by seeds sown in autumn or by cuttings taken in summer. Seeds may require stratification. Cuttings should be treated with rooting hormone and kept in a warm, humid environment until established.

Grafting is also a viable method.

Repot young plants every 2-3 years in spring. Mature trees rarely need repotting, but if container-grown, ensure adequate space for root development. Use a well-draining potting mix.

Avoid disturbing the root ball excessively during repotting.