Fonio is drought-tolerant once established. Water regularly during establishment and dry periods, aiming for consistently moist soil. Avoid waterlogging, as this can lead to root rot.

Reduce watering in cooler months or when the plant is dormant.

Pruning is generally not required for fonio, as it is an annual or short-lived perennial grass cultivated for grain. If grown ornamentally, trim back dead or damaged foliage in late winter or early spring before new growth emerges to maintain a tidy appearance.

Fonio is primarily propagated by seed. Sow seeds directly into the ground after the last frost. For ornamental use, seeds can be started indoors a few weeks prior to the last expected frost.

Division of established clumps is also possible but less common.

As fonio is typically grown as an annual for grain or a quickly maturing ornamental, repotting is rarely necessary. If grown in containers and desired to overwinter or continue growth, repot into a slightly larger container with fresh potting mix in spring.