Allow the soil to dry out completely between waterings. Overwatering is the most common cause of rot. Reduce watering significantly in winter, providing just enough to prevent extreme shriveling.

Prune to shape the plant, remove damaged or dead pads, or to control size. Use a sharp, clean knife or saw. Allow cuts to callous over before replanting or leaving exposed to prevent disease.

Propagated by stem cuttings (pads). Allow cut pads to dry and callous for several days to weeks before planting in well-draining soil. Roots typically form within a few weeks.

Repot only when the plant is severely root-bound, typically every 2-3 years. Use a well-draining cactus or succulent mix. Handle with care due to glochids and spines.