Water moderately during the growing season, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between waterings. Reduce watering significantly in winter, providing just enough to prevent the soil from becoming completely dry.

Overwatering can lead to root rot, especially in poorly draining soils.

Prune lightly to maintain shape and remove any dead or damaged stems. This is typically done in early spring before new growth begins.

Heavy pruning is generally not required unless the plant has become overgrown or is being trained for a specific purpose.

Propagation is typically done by seeds sown in spring. Seeds may require stratification (a period of cold, moist conditions) to improve germination rates.

Cuttings can also be taken from semi-hardwood in late summer or early autumn.

Repot young plants annually or biennially in spring. Mature plants can be left in their pots for longer periods as they tolerate being slightly root-bound.

Use a well-draining potting mix, such as a cactus or succulent blend, to prevent waterlogging.