Water consistently, keeping the soil moist but not waterlogged. Allow the top inch of soil to dry slightly between waterings, especially during active growth. Reduce watering in cooler months to prevent root rot.

Pruning is primarily for containment and removal, not shaping. Cut back any overgrown stems to prevent its spread. Remove entire plants from the root when managing infestations, especially before seed set.

Primarily propagates by seed, which are abundant and viable. Seeds germinate readily in moist soil. Can also spread vegetatively through stem fragments that root readily when in contact with soil.

Not applicable as this is an invasive weed typically found in the wild or garden beds. If attempting to cultivate it for study, use a large container with well-draining soil and be mindful of its aggressive growth habits.