Keep soil consistently moist, especially during flowering and fruiting. Water at the base of the plant to prevent fungal diseases. Allow the top 2-3 cm of soil to dry out slightly between waterings during cooler periods.

Reduce watering in winter if grown as a perennial.

Pruning is generally not required. If the plant becomes too sprawling, you can lightly trim back excessive vines to maintain shape and encourage bushier growth.

Remove any yellowing or diseased leaves promptly to improve air circulation and plant health.

Propagate primarily through seeds sown directly outdoors after the last frost, or start indoors 2-3 weeks prior. Seeds germinate best in warm soil (around 21-30°C).

You can also take cuttings from established plants, but seed propagation is more common.

As a fast-growing annual, repotting is usually only necessary if starting seeds indoors in small containers. Transplant seedlings into larger pots when they have developed a few true leaves.

Outdoor plants typically do not require repotting and are grown directly in the ground.